An Instagram follower export is a file — or set of files — that Instagram generates from your account data on request. When you include the right category, it contains two lists: followers (accounts that follow you) and following (accounts you follow).
People export this data to back it up, to move it between tools, or — the focus of this guide — to analyze follower relationships: who doesn't follow back, who your mutuals are, and how the lists change between two points in time.
One important mental model: every export is a snapshot. It records who followed you at the moment Instagram generated it. A single snapshot describes the present; it takes two snapshots, saved at different times, to describe change.